Chapter 16: Allergy Emergencies

Definition

An allergy occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a substance (called an allergen) that is usually harmless. An allergy emergency can happen when someone is exposed to that allergen.

Allergic reactions can become serious very quickly if not treated.

Common Causes

People may be allergic to:

• Animal dander (cats, dogs)
• Ant bites
• Bee or wasp stings
• Certain foods (such as peanuts, eggs, chocolate)
• Medications (such as penicillin)
• Pollen, dust, or mold
• Certain plants or chemicals

Signs and Symptoms

Watch for:

• Itchy skin
• Rash, hives, or redness
• Swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
• Trouble breathing
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pain
• Stuffy nose or sneezing
• Signs of shock (pale skin, weakness, confusion)

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. It can happen within seconds or minutes after exposure to an allergen.

It may cause:

• Severe trouble breathing
• Airway swelling
• A drop in blood pressure
• Shock

Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical treatment, including epinephrine and emergency medical care.

First Aid Actions

1. Check the scene for safety.
2. Call 9-1-1 immediately.
3. Get a First Aid kit if available.
4. If the person has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector, help them use it.
   • If they are able, they should self-administer.
   • If you are trained and permitted to assist, ask for consent and administer it.
   • After injection, hold in place as directed by the device and note the time it was given.
5. Stay with the person and monitor breathing.
6. If the person becomes unresponsive, begin CPR (or Hands-Only CPR if you are not trained in rescue breaths).