Chapter 20: Muscle, Bone, and Joint Emergencies

Muscle, bone, and joint injuries happen when a body part moves in a way it should not. These emergencies can result in sprains, strains, fractures, broken bones, or dislocations.

Common causes include falls, trips, sports injuries, sudden impacts, or motor vehicle accidents.

Signs and Symptoms

• Bruising or swelling
• Sharp pain at the injury site
• A snapping or popping sound at the time of injury
• Difficulty moving the limb or joint
• Numbness, coldness, or bluish discoloration
• A visible deformity or exposed bone

Types of Injuries

Fracture (Broken Bone)

A fracture can range from a small crack to a complete break.
If the bone breaks through the skin, it is called an open fracture and requires immediate medical care.

Dislocation

A dislocation occurs when a bone moves out of its normal position at a joint. This often affects the shoulder, elbow, wrist, jaw, or hip.

Sprain and Strain

• A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament (commonly affects ankles, wrists, knees).
• A strain is a stretched or torn muscle (often affects the neck, back, thigh, or calf).

First Aid Steps

1. Check the scene for safety.
2. Put on gloves if available and get a First Aid kit.
3. Cover any open wounds with a clean dressing.
4. Do not straighten or move a limb that looks bent or deformed.
5. Keep the injured area still. Use padding, a sling, or a splint if available.
6. For sprains and strains, follow the RICE method:
   • Rest the injured area
   • Immobilize it in the position found
   • Cold pack for up to 20 minutes at a time
   • Elevate the area if it does not increase pain

Call 9-1-1 if:

• There is an open fracture
• The injury appears severe
• The person cannot move the limb
• There are signs of shock