Chapter 4: Breathing Emergencies

A breathing emergency is any serious problem that affects a person’s ability to breathe. It may range from shortness of breath to a complete inability to breathe, and it always requires immediate attention.

Breathing emergencies can be caused by:

• Allergic reactions
• Asthma
• Choking
• Chest injuries
• Infections
• Fear or anxiety

Other triggers may include:

• Inhaling fumes
• Heart-related conditions
• Trauma to the head, neck, or chest
• Smoking

Signs and Symptoms

Watch for:

• Very fast or very slow breathing
• Chest pain
• Coughing
• Noisy breathing (such as wheezing)
• Confusion
• Pale or bluish skin, lips, or fingertips
• Panic or visible distress
• Complaints of shortness of breath

Asthma

Asthma is a common cause of breathing emergencies, especially in children. Many people with asthma know their triggers and carry a rescue inhaler.

Common triggers include smoke, dust, pets, perfume, mold, exercise, stress, or sudden temperature changes.

First Aid Steps

1. Check the scene and make sure it is safe.
2. Ask the person if they have prescribed medication.
3. Help them access and use their inhaler or epinephrine auto-injector if needed.
4. Call 9-1-1 if:
   • The person does not have medication
   • Symptoms worsen
   • Breathing becomes difficult or stops
5. Loosen tight clothing, especially around the neck.
6. Keep the person calm and stay with them until help arrives.
7. If the person becomes unresponsive, begin CPR (or Hands-Only CPR if you are not trained in rescue breaths).